plssem

Description

Estimate complex Structural Equation Models (SEMs) by fitting Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Partial Least Squares consistent Structural Equation Modeling (PLSc-SEM) specifications that handle categorical data, non-linear relations, and multilevel structures. The implementation follows Lohmöller (1989) for the classic PLS-SEM algorithm, Dijkstra and Henseler (2015) for consistent PLSc-SEM, Dijkstra et al., (2014) for nonlinear PLSc-SEM, and Schuberth, Henseler, Dijkstra (2018) for ordinal PLS-SEM and PLSc-SEM. Additional extensions are under development. The MC-OrdPLSc algorithm, used to handle ordinal interaction models is detailed in Slupphaug et al., (2026). References: Lohmöller, J.-B. (1989, ISBN:9783790803002). "Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares." Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). <doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2015.06.002>. "Consistent partial least squares path modeling." Dijkstra, T. K., & Schermelleh-Engel, K. (2014). <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2014.07.008>. "Consistent partial least squares for nonlinear structural equation models." Schuberth, F., Henseler, J., & Dijkstra, T. K. (2018). <doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0767-9>. "Partial least squares path modeling using ordinal categorical indicators." Slupphaug, K. Mehmetoglu, M. & Mittner, M. (2026). <doi:10.31234/osf.io/fwzj6_v1>. "Consistent Estimates from Biased Estimators: Monte-Carlo Consistent Partial Least Squares for Latent Interaction Models with Ordinal Indicators."

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Package required but not available: ‘modsem’

Package suggested but not available for checking: ‘mice’

See section ‘The DESCRIPTION file’ in the ‘Writing R Extensions’
manual.

Running examples in ‘plssem-Ex.R’ failed
The error most likely occurred in:

> ### Name: oneIntOrdered
> ### Title: oneIntOrdered
> ### Aliases: oneIntOrdered
> 
> ### ** Examples
> 
> 
> m <- '
+   X =~ x1 + x2 + x3
+   Z =~ z1 + z2 + z3
+   Y =~ y1
...[truncated]...
t <- pls(m, oneIntOrdered)
Error in loadNamespace(j <- i[[1L]], c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[j]]) : 
  there is no package called ‘qs2’
Calls: pls ... loadNamespace -> withRestarts -> withOneRestart -> doWithOneRestart
Execution halted

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